Plague in the Early Modern Mediterranean | Edna Bonhomme
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| Edna Bonhomme Paris, July 2013 |
Historians have long been wise to disease as a factor in historical events and developments. More recently, scholars have begun to focus on how conceptions and understandings of disease intersect with issues of culture, politics, race, gender, and class. In this episode, Edna Bonhomme discusses some cultural and social history approaches to the topic of disease through the lens of plague in the eighteenth-century Mediterranean, and explains some of the issues relating to disease surrounding Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt.
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Edna Bonhomme is a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at Princeton University studying disease and health in the Mediterranean.
Chris Gratien is a doctoral candidate at Georgetown University researching the social environmental history of the Ottoman Empire and the modern Middle East (see academia.edu)
Note for the listener: Although this podcast refers to certain primary sources, it is also a synthesis of publicly available information and draws on the following works below, which are also mentioned during the course of the episode. For the purposes of academic citation, we encourage you to consult these works.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz. Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794-1848. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.
al-Jabarti, ’Abd-al-Rahman. Journal D’un Notable Du Caire Durant L’expédition Française, 1798-1801. Paris: Albin Michel, 1979.
Anonymous. “The Orient.” Ladies Magazine, March 1799.
Bell, David A. The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe And the Birth of Warfare As We Know It. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007.
Berthier, Louis-Alexandre. General Berthier’s Narrative of the French Expedition into Syria, 1799 : Together with Letters from General Bonaparte and Sir Wm. Sidney Smith. Tyne & Wear: Worley Publications, 1990.
Blanning, T. C. W. The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802. Modern Wars. London ; New York: Arnold, 1996.
Bois, Jean-Pierre. Deux Voyages Au Temps de Louis XVI, 1777-1780: La Mission Du Baron de Tott En Égypte En 1777-1778 et Le Journal de Bord de l’Hermione En 1780. Rennes: Presses Universitaires De Rennes, 1780.
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de. Mémoires, 10 Vol. Paris, 1831.
Brockliss, Laurence, and Colin Jones. The Medical World of Early Modern France. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Broomhall, Susan. Women’s Medical Work in Early Modern France. Gender in History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
Cabanis, P. J. G. Oeuvres Complètes de Cabanis. Paris,: Bossange frères, 1823.
Camus, Albert. The Plague. Translated by Stuart Gilbert. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1948.
Cole, Juan. Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Colley, Linda. Britons : Forging the Nation, 1707-1837. Vol. Rev. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism : the Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Studies in Environment and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Desgenettes, R. Histoire Médicale de L’armée d’Orient. Vol. 3. éd., augm. d'une table alphabétique. Paris,: Didot, 1835.
———. “Souvenirs D’un Médecin de L’expédition d’Égypte,” 1893. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/10679989.html.
———. “Souvenirs de La Fin Du XVIIIe Siècle et Du Commencement Du XIXe; Ou, Mémoires de R.D.G,” 1835. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19499777.html.
Dols, Michael. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
Elgood, P.G. Bonaparte’s Adventure in Egypt. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.
Gelbart, Nina Rattner. “The French Revolution as Medical Event: The Journalistic Gaze.” History of European Ideas 10, no. 4 (January 1, 1989): 417–427.
Gelfand, Toby. Professionalizing Modern Medicine: Paris Surgeons and Medical Science and Institutions in the 18th Century. Contributions in Medical History. Berkeley: University of Caifornia Press, 1980.
Gillispie, Charles C. Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime. Princeton: Princeton Unviersity Press, 1980.
Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Science and Polity in France : the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Gillispie, Charles Coulston, Frederic Lawrence Holmes, and Noretta Koertge. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008.
Grigsby, Darcy Grimaldo. “Rumor, Contagion, and Colonization in Gross’s Plague-Stricken of Jaffa (1804).” Representations 51, no. Summer 1995 (1995): 1–46.
Hamilton, Alastair, Maurits H. van den Boogert, and Bart Westerweel. The Republic of Letters and the Levant. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Howard, Martin R. Napoleon’s Doctors: The Medical Services of the Grande Armée. Stroud, England: Spellmount, 2006.
Hutin, Jean-François. La Campagne d’Égypte: Une Affaire de Santé (1798-1801). Paris: Éditions Glyphe, 2011.
Jasanoff, Maya. Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850. Vintage Series. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2006.
Jenner, Edward. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ: a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox. London: Printed for the Author by Sampson Low,, 1798.
Jewson, N. D. “Medical Knowledge and the Patronage System in 18th Century England.” Sociology 8, no. 3 (September 1, 1974): 369–385.
La Jonquière, C. de. L’expédition d’Égypte, 1798-1801. Vol. 2d. Paris,: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1899.
Larrey, D. J. Observations on Wounds, and Their Complications by Erysipelas, Gangrene and Tetanus, and on the Principal Diseases and Injuries of the Head, Ear and Eye. Translated by E. F. Rivinus. Philadelphia: Key, Mielke & Biddle, 1832.
Larrey, D. J., and Richard Wilmott Hall. Memoirs of Military Surgery, and Compaigns of the French Armies on the Rhine, in Corsica, Catalonia, Egypt, and Syria, at Boulogne, Ulm, and Austerlitz; in Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Spain, and Austria. From the French of D.J. Larrey. Baltimore,: Joseph Cushing,, 1814.
Larrey, D. J., Louise Marie, and Andre De Coppet. Mémoires de Chirurgie Militaire, et Campagnes. Paris: J.H. Stône for J. Smith & F. Buisson, 1812.
Laurens, Henry. L’Expédition D’Égypte: 1798-1801. Paris: Armond Colin, 1989.
Le Bruyn, M. Corneille. A Voyage to the Levant: Or Travels in the Principal Parts of Asia Minor, the Islands of Scio, Rhoes, Cyprus... London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, within Gray’s Inn-Gate, 1702.
Madelin, Louis. Talleyrand: A Vivid Biography of the Amoral, Unscrupulous and Fascinating French Statesmen. Translated by Rosalie Feltenstein. New York: Roy Publishers, 1948.
Mikhail, Alan. “The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt.” Bulletin of History of Medicine 82, no. 2 (2008): 249–275.
Panzac, Daniel. La Peste Dans l’Empire Ottoman: 1700-1850. Leuven, Belgique: Peeters, 1985.
Pelling, Margaret. Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-1865. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Porter, Roy. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind : a Medical History of Humanity. Vol. 1st American. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.
Porter, Roy, and Dorothy Porter. In Sickness and in Health: The British Experience, 1650-1850. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1989.
Ramsey, Matthew. Professional and Popular Medicine in France 1770-1830: The Social World of Medical Practice. Cambridge Studies in the History of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Ranger, Terence O., and Paul Slack. Epidemics and Ideas : Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Raymond, André. Arab Cities in the Ottoman Period: Cairo, Syria, and the Maghreb. Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002.
———. “French Studies of the Ottoman Empire’s Arab Provinces.” Mediterranean Historical Review 19, no. 1 (2007): 54–72.
Reybaud, Louis, J. J. Marcel, and Xavier. Histoire Scientifique et Militaire de L’expédition Française En Égypte. Paris: A.-J. Dénain et Delamare, 1830.
Riley, James C. The Eighteenth-century Campaign to Avoid Disease. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1987.
Role, André, and Luc Boulet. Georges Cabanis: Le Médecin de Brumaire. Paris: Editions Fernand Lanore, 1994.
Rosenberg, Charles E. The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy. Lettres Écrites d’Égypte à Cuvier, Jussieu, Lacépède, Monge, Desgenettes, Redouté Jeune, Norry, Etc., Aux Professeurs Du Muséum, et à Sa Famille. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1901.
Schur, Nathan. Napoleon in the Holy Land. London: Greenhill Books, 1999.
Smith, W. Sidney. Knight of the Sword: The Life and the Letters of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith G.C.B. London: V. Gollancz, 1964.
Spilsbury, Francis B. Picturesque Scenery in the Holy Land and Syria: Delineated During the Campaigns of 1799 and 1800. London: Printed for G.S. Tregear, 1823.
Stearns, Justin K. Infectious Ideas: Contagion in Premodern Islamic and Christian Thought in the Western Mediterranean. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Tilley, Helen. Africa as a Living Laboratory : Empire, Development, and the Problem of Scientific Knowledge, 1870-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Tombs, Robert, and Isabelle Tombs. That Sweet Enemy: Britain and France: The History of a Love-Hate Relationship. Vintage Series. New York: Vintage Books, 2008.
Vess, David M. Medical Revolution in France 1789-1793. Gainesville: A Florida State University Book, 1975.
Volney, C. F. Voyage En Syrie et En Égypte, Pendant Les Années 1783, 1784 et 1785. Vol. 2. éd., rev. et cor. Paris,: Desenne, 1787.
Wear, Andrew. Health and Healing in Early Modern Europe. Aldershot: Ashgates, 1998.
Wilson, Robert Thomas. History of the British Expedition to Egypt to Which Is Subjoined, A Sketch of the Present State of That Country and Its Means of Defence. Illustrated Maps, and a Portrait of Sir Ralph Abercromby. Philadelphia: Printed by W. Corbet, 1803.
IMAGES
Episode No. 125
Release date: 4 October 2013
Location: Paris, France
Editing and Production by Chris Gratien
Images and Bibliography courtesy of Edna Bonhomme
Additional thanks to Graham Pitts
Note for the listener: Although this podcast refers to certain primary sources, it is also a synthesis of publicly available information and draws on the following works below, which are also mentioned during the course of the episode. For the purposes of academic citation, we encourage you to consult these works.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz. Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794-1848. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.
al-Jabarti, ’Abd-al-Rahman. Journal D’un Notable Du Caire Durant L’expédition Française, 1798-1801. Paris: Albin Michel, 1979.
Anonymous. “The Orient.” Ladies Magazine, March 1799.
Bell, David A. The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe And the Birth of Warfare As We Know It. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007.
Berthier, Louis-Alexandre. General Berthier’s Narrative of the French Expedition into Syria, 1799 : Together with Letters from General Bonaparte and Sir Wm. Sidney Smith. Tyne & Wear: Worley Publications, 1990.
Blanning, T. C. W. The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802. Modern Wars. London ; New York: Arnold, 1996.
Bois, Jean-Pierre. Deux Voyages Au Temps de Louis XVI, 1777-1780: La Mission Du Baron de Tott En Égypte En 1777-1778 et Le Journal de Bord de l’Hermione En 1780. Rennes: Presses Universitaires De Rennes, 1780.
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de. Mémoires, 10 Vol. Paris, 1831.
Brockliss, Laurence, and Colin Jones. The Medical World of Early Modern France. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Broomhall, Susan. Women’s Medical Work in Early Modern France. Gender in History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
Cabanis, P. J. G. Oeuvres Complètes de Cabanis. Paris,: Bossange frères, 1823.
Camus, Albert. The Plague. Translated by Stuart Gilbert. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1948.
Cole, Juan. Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Colley, Linda. Britons : Forging the Nation, 1707-1837. Vol. Rev. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism : the Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Studies in Environment and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Desgenettes, R. Histoire Médicale de L’armée d’Orient. Vol. 3. éd., augm. d'une table alphabétique. Paris,: Didot, 1835.
———. “Souvenirs D’un Médecin de L’expédition d’Égypte,” 1893. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/10679989.html.
———. “Souvenirs de La Fin Du XVIIIe Siècle et Du Commencement Du XIXe; Ou, Mémoires de R.D.G,” 1835. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19499777.html.
Dols, Michael. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
Elgood, P.G. Bonaparte’s Adventure in Egypt. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.
Gelbart, Nina Rattner. “The French Revolution as Medical Event: The Journalistic Gaze.” History of European Ideas 10, no. 4 (January 1, 1989): 417–427.
Gelfand, Toby. Professionalizing Modern Medicine: Paris Surgeons and Medical Science and Institutions in the 18th Century. Contributions in Medical History. Berkeley: University of Caifornia Press, 1980.
Gillispie, Charles C. Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime. Princeton: Princeton Unviersity Press, 1980.
Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Science and Polity in France : the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Gillispie, Charles Coulston, Frederic Lawrence Holmes, and Noretta Koertge. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008.
Grigsby, Darcy Grimaldo. “Rumor, Contagion, and Colonization in Gross’s Plague-Stricken of Jaffa (1804).” Representations 51, no. Summer 1995 (1995): 1–46.
Hamilton, Alastair, Maurits H. van den Boogert, and Bart Westerweel. The Republic of Letters and the Levant. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Howard, Martin R. Napoleon’s Doctors: The Medical Services of the Grande Armée. Stroud, England: Spellmount, 2006.
Hutin, Jean-François. La Campagne d’Égypte: Une Affaire de Santé (1798-1801). Paris: Éditions Glyphe, 2011.
Jasanoff, Maya. Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850. Vintage Series. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2006.
Jenner, Edward. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ: a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox. London: Printed for the Author by Sampson Low,, 1798.
Jewson, N. D. “Medical Knowledge and the Patronage System in 18th Century England.” Sociology 8, no. 3 (September 1, 1974): 369–385.
La Jonquière, C. de. L’expédition d’Égypte, 1798-1801. Vol. 2d. Paris,: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1899.
Larrey, D. J. Observations on Wounds, and Their Complications by Erysipelas, Gangrene and Tetanus, and on the Principal Diseases and Injuries of the Head, Ear and Eye. Translated by E. F. Rivinus. Philadelphia: Key, Mielke & Biddle, 1832.
Larrey, D. J., and Richard Wilmott Hall. Memoirs of Military Surgery, and Compaigns of the French Armies on the Rhine, in Corsica, Catalonia, Egypt, and Syria, at Boulogne, Ulm, and Austerlitz; in Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Spain, and Austria. From the French of D.J. Larrey. Baltimore,: Joseph Cushing,, 1814.
Larrey, D. J., Louise Marie, and Andre De Coppet. Mémoires de Chirurgie Militaire, et Campagnes. Paris: J.H. Stône for J. Smith & F. Buisson, 1812.
Laurens, Henry. L’Expédition D’Égypte: 1798-1801. Paris: Armond Colin, 1989.
Le Bruyn, M. Corneille. A Voyage to the Levant: Or Travels in the Principal Parts of Asia Minor, the Islands of Scio, Rhoes, Cyprus... London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, within Gray’s Inn-Gate, 1702.
Madelin, Louis. Talleyrand: A Vivid Biography of the Amoral, Unscrupulous and Fascinating French Statesmen. Translated by Rosalie Feltenstein. New York: Roy Publishers, 1948.
Mikhail, Alan. “The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt.” Bulletin of History of Medicine 82, no. 2 (2008): 249–275.
Panzac, Daniel. La Peste Dans l’Empire Ottoman: 1700-1850. Leuven, Belgique: Peeters, 1985.
Pelling, Margaret. Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-1865. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Porter, Roy. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind : a Medical History of Humanity. Vol. 1st American. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.
Porter, Roy, and Dorothy Porter. In Sickness and in Health: The British Experience, 1650-1850. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1989.
Ramsey, Matthew. Professional and Popular Medicine in France 1770-1830: The Social World of Medical Practice. Cambridge Studies in the History of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Ranger, Terence O., and Paul Slack. Epidemics and Ideas : Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Raymond, André. Arab Cities in the Ottoman Period: Cairo, Syria, and the Maghreb. Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002.
———. “French Studies of the Ottoman Empire’s Arab Provinces.” Mediterranean Historical Review 19, no. 1 (2007): 54–72.
Reybaud, Louis, J. J. Marcel, and Xavier. Histoire Scientifique et Militaire de L’expédition Française En Égypte. Paris: A.-J. Dénain et Delamare, 1830.
Riley, James C. The Eighteenth-century Campaign to Avoid Disease. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1987.
Role, André, and Luc Boulet. Georges Cabanis: Le Médecin de Brumaire. Paris: Editions Fernand Lanore, 1994.
Rosenberg, Charles E. The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy. Lettres Écrites d’Égypte à Cuvier, Jussieu, Lacépède, Monge, Desgenettes, Redouté Jeune, Norry, Etc., Aux Professeurs Du Muséum, et à Sa Famille. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1901.
Schur, Nathan. Napoleon in the Holy Land. London: Greenhill Books, 1999.
Smith, W. Sidney. Knight of the Sword: The Life and the Letters of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith G.C.B. London: V. Gollancz, 1964.
Spilsbury, Francis B. Picturesque Scenery in the Holy Land and Syria: Delineated During the Campaigns of 1799 and 1800. London: Printed for G.S. Tregear, 1823.
Stearns, Justin K. Infectious Ideas: Contagion in Premodern Islamic and Christian Thought in the Western Mediterranean. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Tilley, Helen. Africa as a Living Laboratory : Empire, Development, and the Problem of Scientific Knowledge, 1870-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Tombs, Robert, and Isabelle Tombs. That Sweet Enemy: Britain and France: The History of a Love-Hate Relationship. Vintage Series. New York: Vintage Books, 2008.
Vess, David M. Medical Revolution in France 1789-1793. Gainesville: A Florida State University Book, 1975.
Volney, C. F. Voyage En Syrie et En Égypte, Pendant Les Années 1783, 1784 et 1785. Vol. 2. éd., rev. et cor. Paris,: Desenne, 1787.
Wear, Andrew. Health and Healing in Early Modern Europe. Aldershot: Ashgates, 1998.
Wilson, Robert Thomas. History of the British Expedition to Egypt to Which Is Subjoined, A Sketch of the Present State of That Country and Its Means of Defence. Illustrated Maps, and a Portrait of Sir Ralph Abercromby. Philadelphia: Printed by W. Corbet, 1803.
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| Antoine Jean-Gros, "Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa le 11 mars 1799" (1804) |
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| James Gillray, "French generals retiring on account of their health," (1790) Source: Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University |
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